Mapping of Outdoor Food and Beverage Advertising around Spanish Schools.

Overweight and obesity rates have increased worldwide in the last decades. The marketing strategies of food considered to be unhealthy significantly exacerbate the childhood obesity dilemma. Studies typically analyze the content of advertisement in television, movies, or social media, but there is a gap in the assessment of the real-life promotion of food and beverages around the schools. The primary aim of the study was to assess the products advertised around public and concerted schools in three cities in the north of Spain, and to categorize them as healthy (core) or unhealthy (discretionary). The secondary aim was to describe the types of food and beverages in advertisements, as well as to determine the density of core and discretionary product advertisements. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out between September and December 2021. The units of analysis were outdoor food and beverage advertisements that were located around public and concerted schools of three cities in the north of Spain. We found 104 schools that met the criteria. We identified 6469 products advertised, 35.1% core and 61.2% discretionary, observing significant differences (p < 0.001) among the cities. Fruit (core) and alcohol (discretionary) were the most heavily advertised products. In conclusion, children attending schools located in the assessed cities are currently exposed to a significant amount of discretionary product advertisement, a situation that should be regulated.

Salutogenic interventions and health effects: a scoping review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the typology of implemented salutogenic interventions and the health effects described by the authors. METHOD: A scoping review of the literature published (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus) over the last ten years (2007-2016) was conducted. Articles that included interventions with assessments of health outcomes were selected for this review. The kappa index (86.4%) was calculated for the classification and extraction of information. RESULTS: 61 papers were selected out of the 676 works identified. These were categorized into individual, grouped, mixed and intersectoral interventions. A total of 85% of the interventions described positive effects. Adverse effects were not reported. Methodological limitations were identified in 75% of the papers. The interventions addressed a large variety of topics, especially in the field of mental health and chronic diseases. Collective actions described more positive effects. Intersectoral actions were the only type of interventions to have approached the impact of mortality reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the existence of positive health effects of salutogenic approaches. Important methodological limitations were identified, such as biases in the selection of participants and sample sizes. Studies need to be conducted with improved monitoring and evaluation designs. A more robust theoretical framework and tools to evaluate the salutogenic contents are needed.

Epidemias, virus y activos para la salud del barrio / Epidemics, viruses and neighborhood health assets

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Herramientas para una evaluación del impacto en salud de los programas de salud pública e intervenciones comunitarias con una perspectiva de equidad / Tools to assess the impact on health of public health programmes and community interventions from an equity perspective

Es imprescindible desarrollar un enfoque integral de las intervenciones institucionales que permita realizar la evaluación del impacto en la salud desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales de la salud y la equidad. Para realizar dicha evaluación son necesarias herramientas adaptadas y sencillas. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la metodología empleada en el diseño y la aplicación de dos herramientas para evaluar el impacto en los determinantes sociales de la salud y la equidad en programas de salud e intervenciones comunitarias. En los programas de salud se aplicó una herramienta adaptada mediante entrevista entre el equipo evaluador y la persona responsable del programa. Las intervenciones comunitarias fueron evaluadas mediante una herramienta on line que además permite obtener un informe con recomendaciones de mejora según los ejes de desigualdad. La aplicación de estos instrumentos puede contribuir a disminuir las desigualdades sociales en salud y a mejorar las intervenciones en salud pública

It is essential to develop a comprehensive approach to institutionally promoted interventions to assess their impact on health from the perspective of the social determinants of health and equity. Simple, adapted tools must be developed to carry out these assessments. The aim of this paper is to present two tools to assess the impact of programmes and community-based interventions on the social determinants of health. The first tool is intended to assess health programmes through interviews and analysis of information provided by the assessment team. The second tool, by means of online assessments of community-based interventions, also enables a report on inequality issues that includes recommendations for improvement. In addition to reducing health-related social inequities, the implementation of these tools can also help to improve the efficiency of public health interventions

¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de «salud comunitaria»? Informe SESPAS 2018 / What we mean when we talk about "community health". SESPAS Report 2018

El término «salud comunitaria» es ampliamente utilizado en nuestro medio, con una recuperación progresiva de su interés en los últimos 10 años. Consideramos que, aunque muy difundido, se trata de un término impreciso, por lo que percibimos la necesidad y la pertinencia de una mejor definición operativa. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura especializada, que fue contrastada con la experiencia y el conocimiento de los autores, así como con las perspectivas sobre el tema recogidas en un trabajo de campo con entrevistas realizadas a personas de reconocida relación con la cuestión. Como resultado se proponen algunas aclaraciones terminológicas que puedan facilitar una adecuada definición operativa; se describen las principales influencias teóricas en su formación; se realiza una propuesta de niveles de acción comunitaria que pueden desarrollarse desde atención primaria y salud pública; finalmente, se señalan algunos elementos fundamentales que consideramos que toda acción para mejorar la salud comunitaria debería contemplar

"Community health" is a widely used term in our context. Although interest in the concept has gradually increased over the past decade, we believe the term is still vague. Therefore, we think a better working definition is required. We conducted a review of the specialized literature on the topic. This was later contrasted with the professional backgrounds of the authors, as well as with the results of field work consisting of interviews with individuals with recognized experience and intellectual authority in the area. As a result, we intend to clarify some core terms to achieve a better working definition of community health; we describe the main theoretical influences on the formation of the term; we propose some levels of community action that could be developed through the primary health care and public health services; and finally, we identify some core aspects that should be taken into account in every action for improving community health

Towards a policy relevant neighborhoods and health agenda: engaging citizens, researchers, policy makers and public health professionals. SESPAS Report 2018 / Por una estrategia de barrios saludables políticamente relevante: colaboración entre ciudadanía, personas investigadoras, decisoras políticas y profesionales de la salud pública. Informe SESPAS 2018

A large volume of public health literature has shown how the social and physical features of a neighbourhood affect residents’ health, and how they contribute to health inequalities. In this article, we argue that citizens, researchers, policy makers and health professionals should engage in creating a common, policy-relevant neighbourhood and health agenda to effectively improve population health and reduce health inequalities. We discuss four critical processes for advancing this neighbourhood and health agenda: 1) citizen participation and community empowerment; 2) policy making; 3) producing relevant research; and 4) how to best communicate between stakeholders. Various methodologies and experiences currently exist to secure and promote citizen participation. Sufficient funding of research projects and specific policies, as well as continued communication strategies among stakeholders, are necessary elements of this neighbourhood and health agenda. Establishing collaborative and sustained relationships between citizens, policy makers, health professionals and researchers at local and higher political levels is a challenging but necessary step. Developing participatory action research and local participatory policy efforts are important steps towards developing a policy- relevant neighbourhood and health agenda

Numerosos ejemplos de la literatura en salud pública han puesto de manifiesto el impacto de las características sociales y físicas del barrio sobre el estado de salud de las personas residentes, así como su influencia sobre las desigualdades en salud. En este artículo de posicionamiento sostenemos que ciudadanía, personas investigadoras, decisoras políticas y profesionales de la salud deberían involucrarse en construir una estrategia común en barrios y salud, que promueva mejorar la salud de la población y que disminuya de manera efectiva las desigualdades en salud. Para ello identificamos y discutimos cuatro procesos críticos necesarios para avanzar en esta agenda de barrios y salud: 1) la participación y el fortalecimiento de la comunidad; 2) la elaboración de políticas locales; 3) la realización de investigaciones relevantes; y 4) la comunicación entre estos agentes. Existen diferentes metodologías y experiencias que fomentan y promueven la participación y el fortalecimiento de la ciudadanía. A su vez, se requiere una financiación suficiente de proyectos de investigación, políticas específicas y la puesta en marcha de estrategias continuas de comunicación. Establecer relaciones colaborativas a largo plazo, tanto de ámbito local como a niveles superiores, entre ciudadanía, decisores/as políticos/as, expertos/as e investigadores/as es un paso difícil, pero necesario. Desarrollar proyectos de investigación-acción-participación y políticas locales participativas es un paso fundamental para desarrollar una estrategia de barrios saludables políticamente relevante

Towards a policy relevant neighborhoods and health agenda: engaging citizens, researchers, policy makers and public health professionals. SESPAS Report 2018.

A large volume of public health literature has shown how the social and physical features of a neighbourhood affect residents' health, and how they contribute to health inequalities. In this article, we argue that citizens, researchers, policy makers and health professionals should engage in creating a common, policy-relevant neighbourhood and health agenda to effectively improve population health and reduce health inequalities. We discuss four critical processes for advancing this neighbourhood and health agenda: 1) citizen participation and community empowerment; 2) policy making; 3) producing relevant research; and 4) how to best communicate between stakeholders. Various methodologies and experiences currently exist to secure and promote citizen participation. Sufficient funding of research projects and specific policies, as well as continued communication strategies among stakeholders, are necessary elements of this neighbourhood and health agenda. Establishing collaborative and sustained relationships between citizens, policy makers, health professionals and researchers at local and higher political levels is a challenging but necessary step. Developing participatory action research and local participatory policy efforts are important steps towards developing a policy- relevant neighbourhood and health agenda.

[What we mean when we talk about "community health". SESPAS Report 2018]. / ¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de «salud comunitaria¼? Informe SESPAS 2018.

"Community health" is a widely used term in our context. Although interest in the concept has gradually increased over the past decade, we believe the term is still vague. Therefore, we think a better working definition is required. We conducted a review of the specialized literature on the topic. This was later contrasted with the professional backgrounds of the authors, as well as with the results of field work consisting of interviews with individuals with recognized experience and intellectual authority in the area. As a result, we intend to clarify some core terms to achieve a better working definition of community health; we describe the main theoretical influences on the formation of the term; we propose some levels of community action that could be developed through the primary health care and public health services; and finally, we identify some core aspects that should be taken into account in every action for improving community health.

[Tools to assess the impact on health of public health programmes and community interventions from an equity perspective]. / Herramientas para una evaluación del impacto en salud de los programas de salud pública e intervenciones comunitarias con una perspectiva de equidad.

It is essential to develop a comprehensive approach to institutionally promoted interventions to assess their impact on health from the perspective of the social determinants of health and equity. Simple, adapted tools must be developed to carry out these assessments. The aim of this paper is to present two tools to assess the impact of programmes and community-based interventions on the social determinants of health. The first tool is intended to assess health programmes through interviews and analysis of information provided by the assessment team. The second tool, by means of online assessments of community-based interventions, also enables a report on inequality issues that includes recommendations for improvement. In addition to reducing health-related social inequities, the implementation of these tools can also help to improve the efficiency of public health interventions.

[Health promotion based on assets: how to work with this perspective in local interventions?] / Promoción de la salud basada en activos: ¿cómo trabajar con esta perspectiva en intervenciones locales?

An asset-based approach could be useful to revitalise health promotion or community health interventions combining work with multiple partnerships, positive health, community engagement, equity and orientation of health determinants. We set some recommendations about how to incorporate the assets model in programmes, projects and interventions in health promotion. Some techniques are described for assets mapping and some experiences with this methodology being developed in different regions are systematised. We propose the term "Asset-based Health Promotion/Community Health" as an operational definition to work at the local level with a community engagement and participatory approach, building alliances between different institutions at the state-regional level and trying to create a framework for action with the generation of evaluations and evidence to work on population interventions from the perspective of positive health.

Evaluación del Observatorio de Salud de Asturias: métricas de web y redes sociales, y opinión de los profesionales de la salud / Evaluation of the Health Observatory of Asturias (Spain): web and social network metrics and health professionals’ opinions

Objetivo Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el Observatorio de Salud de Asturias (OBSA), que recoge y difunde, mediante web y redes sociales, datos de salud de Asturias. Método Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado entre 2012 y 2013. Incluye una evaluación de proceso, mediante el registro de métricas de alcance de la web del OBSA y de Facebook y Twitter, y mediante un cuestionario online que analiza la utilización y la satisfacción por parte de los responsables de salud de Asturias. Además, incluye una evaluación de resultados con diseño no experimental, que estima potenciales efectos mediante el cuestionario. Resultados El número total de visitas a la web aumentó durante el año 2012, con más de 37.000 visitas. El cuestionario (n=43) mostró que el 72,1% de los profesionales conocían el OBSA, y de éstos un 81,5% lo utilizaban. Además, la mayoría declaró estar satisfecho con el OBSA y afirmó que fomenta la cooperación entre profesionales (51,61%).Conclusión El OBSA es conocido y consultado por la mayoría de los profesionales encuestados, y está consiguiendo alcanzar algunos de sus principales objetivos, como informar y estimular el debate. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación podrían desempeñar un importante papel en la presentación de datos de salud en un formato más interactivo y accesible (AU)

Objective To evaluate the Health Observatory of Asturias (Observatorio de Salud de Asturias [OBSA]), which collects and disseminates health data from Asturias through a website and social networks. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2012 and 2013. The study included a process evaluation that analyzed the reach of the OBSA's website, Facebook and Twitter accounts through web metrics and the use made by health professionals in Asturias of these media. Satisfaction was assessed through an online questionnaire. To estimate the potential effects of the OBSA, the study also included an evaluation of the results with a non-experimental design. Results The total number of visits to the website increased in 2012, with more than 37,000 visits. The questionnaire (n=43) showed that 72.1% of the health professionals knew of the OBSA and that 81.5% of them had used it. Most health professionals reported they were satisfied with the OBSA and believed that it encouraged cooperation among professionals (51.6%).ConclusionThe OBSA is known and consulted by most health professionals and is achieving some of its main objectives: to inform health staff and stimulate discussion. According to the results, information and communication technologies could play an important role in the presentation of health data in a more interactive and accessible way (AU)

[Evaluation of the Health Observatory of Asturias (Spain): web and social network metrics and health professionals' opinions]. / Evaluación del Observatorio de Salud de Asturias: métricas de web y redes sociales, y opinión de los profesionales de la salud.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Health Observatory of Asturias (Observatorio de Salud de Asturias [OBSA]), which collects and disseminates health data from Asturias through a website and social networks. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2012 and 2013. The study included a process evaluation that analyzed the reach of the OBSA's website, Facebook and Twitter accounts through web metrics and the use made by health professionals in Asturias of these media. Satisfaction was assessed through an online questionnaire. To estimate the potential effects of the OBSA, the study also included an evaluation of the results with a non-experimental design. RESULTS: The total number of visits to the website increased in 2012, with more than 37,000 visits. The questionnaire (n=43) showed that 72.1% of the health professionals knew of the OBSA and that 81.5% of them had used it. Most health professionals reported they were satisfied with the OBSA and believed that it encouraged cooperation among professionals (51.6%). CONCLUSION: The OBSA is known and consulted by most health professionals and is achieving some of its main objectives: to inform health staff and stimulate discussion. According to the results, information and communication technologies could play an important role in the presentation of health data in a more interactive and accessible way.